U.s. Constitution Vs. Georgia Constitution - 859 Words

U.S. Constitution vs. Georgia Constitution Bill of Rights A Bill of Rights recognizes and lists the rights individuals have and protects those rights from governmental interference, unless of course there is a valid reason for government action to take place. While the Bill of Rights for the Georgia Constitution and the United States Constitution do just that, they do have some distinctive similarities and differences. For example, the major difference I see is the fact that the Georgia Bill of Rights is found in Article one and consists of four sections and forty paragraphs, while the United States Bill of Rights consist of the fist ten amendments of the Constitution. This means that the United States Constitution did not originally list the rights of individuals, until anti-federalists fought hard enough to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution. Another difference is that fact that the Georgia Bill of Rights is more protective of individual liberties than the changes made to the Constitution of the United States. For exa mple, I saw that some freedoms such as the â€Å"Freedom of Conscience†, which can be found in paragraph three of section on of the Georgia Constitution, are not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. There are many other differences considering the length difference of the two Bill of Rights; however, both documents clearly uphold the reasoning behind having a Bill of Rights. Both Bill of Rights list constitutional protection for individuals, and givesShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between The Federal Government And The States1137 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment and the states is well stable. The Federal government has powers given by the Constitution as well powers or privileges are given to the states which promotes a balance between the two so that our country is not ruled under one specific party or group. The question now is that, are the states rights more than well protected in the current constitution and the political practice. The Constitution is the structure of a political system. It establishes governmental bodies, grants powersRead MoreConstitutional Conflict of the Dealth Penalty Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagescruel and unusual punishment, which was forbidden by the eighth amendment of the Constitution. By the 1990s the death penalty was again in wide use supported by the court and Congress, which continually expanded by legislation the crimes for which death would be an acceptable penalty. Supreme Court cases that have felt the death penalty was unconstitutional include Roberts vs. Louisiana and Furman vs. Georgia. Roberts vs. Louisiana, (1976) was a case that tried Robert, who robbed a store in LouisianaRead MoreJuveniles and The Death Penalty Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rights which include; Protection from publicity, confinement only to twenty-one years of age, no confinement with adults, and protection against the consequences of adult conviction such as the loss of civil rights, the use of adjudication against him in subsequent proceedings and disqualification of public employment (Kent vs. US 1966:1055). These special rights and immunitiesRead MoreThe Supreme Court Two Hundred Years869 Words   |  4 Pagesexecuted, the obligation of which still continues, and since the constitution uses the general term contract ... it must be construed to comprehend the latter as well as the former... It is, then, the unanimous opinion of the court, that, in this case, the estate having passed into the hands of a purchaser for a valuable consideration, without notice, the state of Georgia was restrained, ... by the particular provisions of the constitution of the United States, from passing a law whereby the estate ofRead MoreThe Rights Of African Americans1631 Words   |  7 Pagesattack. The Federal government indicted 3 of the white assailants in a case that would be known as U.S. vs Cruinshank. They were indicted under the Enforcement Acts of 1870, which prohibited individuals from conspiring to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any citizen with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise and enjoyment of any right or privilege granted or secured to him by the constitution or laws of the United States. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court dismissed the case saying theRead MoreThe Law Is Made Under The First Amendment Of The United States1815 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction In modern American society, there is little thought in how and why the laws came to be. There is a natural assumption that the laws were made to protect the people and society. The law is made under the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States which give the right to the people to seek its government for redress of any grievances. Utilizing this right, it gives rise to new laws to be enacted and old laws to be amended or repealed, in the ever developing society. Read MoreFernandez V. California: Fourth Amendment Upheld? Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pages4th Amendment when law enforcement conducted a search of his residence upon obtaining consent from his girlfriend, who was also a resident, after Fernandez was taken into custody (and had stated his objections to the search while at the scene). In Georgia v. Randolph (2006), in a 5 to 3 decision, the Supreme Court held that when two co-occupants are present and one consents to a search while the other refuses, the sear ch is not constitutional. This paper will provide a statement of the decision, basedRead More John Marshall Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential political figure whose decisions forever molded the future of the American judicial system. Like many other great political figures, much of John Marshall’s influence can be attributed to timing; he emerged just as the United States Constitution came into existence. John Marshall was born in Virginia in 1755 to a large family whose father was involved with local politics and whose mother was the cousin of Thomas Jefferson, who was later Marshall’s adversary. After serving as an officerRead MoreEssay on Supreme Court Cases2718 Words   |  11 Pages Supreme Court Cases Engle vs. Vitale Case: In the late 1950s the New York State Board of Regents wrote and adopted a prayer, which was supposed to be nondenominational. The board recommended that students in public schools say the prayer on a voluntary basis every morning. In New Hyde Park Long Island a parent sued the school claiming that the prayer violated the first amendment of the constitution. The school argued that the prayer was nondenominational and did not attempt to quot;establishRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Most Common Method Of Execution For Criminals800 Words   |  4 Pagesof the death penalty, particularly focusing on the weighty ethical and legal questions it raises. The death penalty is a form of capital punishment that the state of Pennsylvania should cease to use as it violates two principles embodied in the Constitution: the implicit ethical belief that human life is sacred, and the explicit legal belief that no citizen should experience â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† as articulate d in the Eighth Amendment. The position that governments possess and maintain

Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case...

Operations Management london zoo and nottimham castle case study In today’s information age, it is important for businesses to take advantage of the available avenues to reach out to customers and potential customers. Tourist attractions such as London Zoo, and Nottingham Castle, are no exceptions of being in the age of constant information flows. These places want to attract visitors with their facility layouts and overall experiences, and to improve upon what they already have, they would need to optimize their products through well planned operations management. When one thinks of a zoo and a historic museum, it is very natural to think of both places as tourist attractions, but what they offer the visitors could be very different.†¦show more content†¦(Slack et al., 2004) Nottingham Castle is considered a small Castle. The museum and gallery are all located inside the Castle. The space of the exhibition compare to many other museums is on the smaller side. The Castle Cafà © and shop are not very busy during the day. Visitors normally spend one to two hours to see all the facilities. Therefore, the volume of its output is low. Moreover, when visitors go to the gatehouse, the staffs are not only selling tickets but also in charge of the gift shop. Slack et al. (2004) state that when the volume is lower, â€Å"the number of staff will be lower and therefore individual staffs are likely to perform a wider range of tasks† (p.20) this situation can be observed at Nottingham Castle. It might cause visitors to wait in the long queue, because of the customers who want to buy gift and tickets have to wait at the same counter. Once the visitors are in the Castle, they can access many attractions. For adults, they can enjoy the art and historical display; children can experience the outdoor playground and some indoor displays which are design for kids on ground floor. Furthermore, Nottingham Castle hold different events and tours throughout the year. (Table 1) These information shows that Nottingham Castle provides high variety of services. However, when there is no special event, the outdoor facilities

Computer Network A Network - 1698 Words

Computer network: A computer network is interconnection of more computing systems and their hardwares for storing and transmitting the data. These networks can be connected either wires or wireless. Connecting the systems without wires is called wireless technology. Connecting the computers , laptops , printers and gaming devices comes under computer network Person Area Network: Person area network is a computer network connecting the devices within the environment of an individual person. Personal area network typically includes devices like laptops, mobiles, gadgets and other personal digital assistants. Local area network: Connecting the networks within limited areas such as schools, hotels, buildings using network medium are called local area networks. This networks constitute a little geographical area . The data transfer rate is very high and reliable in these networks Metropolitan Area Network: The network which connecting the devices to a larger area like small towns covering area up to 50 km called metropolitan area networks. These networks are high speed networks that interconnect businesses with other businesses and the internet. Wide area network: The network consisting relatively large geographical area and linking states , countries and the world are wide area networks. These networks are often connected through public telephones and they can be connected through satellites Data communications: Data communication refers to exchanging the data betweenShow MoreRelatedComputer Networks And The Network1232 Words   |  5 Pages A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other along network links . The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet. Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phonesRead MoreComputer Networks And The Network1481 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Networks Network is between two or more computers connected each other they can exchange data. For example a network allows computers to share files, users to message each other. Computer network topology is the way various components of a network for example (link, connect) which is different systems and nodes are connected and communicate with each other. A network is a set of devices, software, and cables that enables the exchange of information between them. Host devices are computersRead MoreComputer Networks And The Network974 Words   |  4 PagesA computer network is any computer or group of computers that are linked to another computer or systems of computers so they can communicate. There are several careers that involve knowledge of computer networking. Each of these positions require a particular set of skills. While the positions may sound the same, they are not. For example, the network engineer manages and designs computer networks, upgrading them and tests their security while the network administrator keeps the network running.Read MoreComputer Networks And The Network976 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Network Careers A computer network is any computer or group of computers that are linked to another computer or systems of computers so they can communicate. There are several careers that involve knowledge of computer networking. Each of these positions require a particular set of skills. While the positions may sound the same, they are not. For example, the network engineer manages and designs computer networks, upgrading them and tests their security while the network administrator keepsRead MoreNetwork Standards For A Computer Network1188 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Network standards play an important role in networking. Without networking standards manufacturers of networking products have no common ground on which they can build their systems. Standardization of products can make or break networking products, many companies are hesitant to support newer technology unless there is a standardization base from which to work. Different types of network standards include 802†LAN†, 802.3 â€Å"wired LAN† and 802.11 â€Å"Wireless† there is also the OSI modelRead MoreComputer Networks And The Network System1971 Words   |  8 Pagesinterconnected through the internet nowadays. The internet is the connection of assorted computer networks through a series of service providers and businesses. In order to create these networks, there needs to be devices known as routers, switches and firewalls. These devices have some very well-known vendors, such as, Cisco and Juniper. Juniper uses an operating system called Junos. Junos OS is a great network operating system because of its modularity and it’s unique and hierarchical configurationRead MoreHow Is A Computer Network?873 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Define a Computer Network No matter how it is described or reported â€Å"computer network† continue being a difficult phrase to define. Computer IT technicians do not know how to approach to a regular person, and describe the operation of a simple computer networking . In the other hand, and this is also important, â€Å"regular normal† people seem not to care how important a computer network is, and what it really means. Maybe is because most of the time the computer network always is â€Å"behind theRead MoreComputer Topology Of A Network1391 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The physical or network topology of a network seriously affects the network price, dependability, throughput, and approach pattern, etc, thus we want to contemplate these multiple criteria having totally different units, at the same time. However, normal ways of planning topology contemplate solely one criterion, e.g., minimizing the specified range of physical links. during this paper, we tend to propose a topology style methodology exploitation average rank, that is calculatedRead MoreComputer Network Administrator1763 Words   |  8 PagesCOMPUTER NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR A computer network (the network) is the connection of at least two or more computers for the purpose of sharing data and resources. These resources can include printers, Internet access, file sharing, and electronic mail (e-mail). In today s technological environment, most companies and businesses have some kind of network used on a daily basis. Thus, it is imperative to day-to-day operations that networks run smoothly. Companies employ at least one personRead MoreThe Technology of Computer Networks2197 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Computer network - a system used to link PCs or computer equipment (servers, routers, and other equipment). For data transmission can be used various kinds of electric signals, light signals or electromagnetic radiation. Computer networks can be classified according to various criteria - territorial prevalence, type of network topology, etc. One of the criteria - the type of transmission, the network is divided into wired and wireless. Wi-Fi - a trademark of Wi-Fi Alliance for wireless

Critique Of Benthams Quantitative Utilitarianism Essay

Over time, the actions of mankind have been the victim of two vague labels, right and wrong. The criteria for these labels are not clearly defined, but they still seem to be the standard by which the actions of man are judged. There are some people that abide by a deontological view when it comes to judging the nature of actions; the deontological view holds that it is a persons intention that makes an action right or wrong. On the other hand there is the teleological view which holds that it is the result of an action is what makes that act right or wrong. In this essay I will be dealing with utilitarianism, a philosophical principle that holds a teleological view when it comes the nature of actions. To solely discuss utilitarianism is†¦show more content†¦Benthams utilitarianism argument starts by giving his principle of utility which judges all actions based on its tendency to promote or diminish happiness of whoever is involved, be it a community or an individual. Accord ing to Bentham, an action is right if, it increases happiness and decreases suffering and is wrong it does not. Also included in his view of utilitarianism is a way to calculate the general tendency of any act and its affect on a community. The calculation is based on the seven circumstances of the act, which are: its intensity, its duration, its certainty or uncertainty, its propinquity or remoteness, its fecundity (tendency to be followed by sensations of like kind), its purity (tendency not to be followed by sensations of unlike kind), and its extent (number of people affected). With these circumstances in order, one can start to calculate the nature of the act and according to Bentham after the completion of the process, one can make an accurate assessment of the true nature of the act. Here is where my critique of Benthams quot;Quantitative Utilitarianismquot; comes into the picture. I will present Benthams process in his own words and then offer my observation as to where he w ent wrong. The community is a fictitious body composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were members. The interest ofShow MoreRelatedCritique of Benthams Quantitative Utilitarianism1783 Words   |  8 Pageswrong. In this essay I will be dealing with utilitarianism, a philosophical principle that holds a teleological view when it comes the nature of actions. To solely discuss utilitarianism is much too broad of topic and must be broken down, so I will discuss specifically quantitative utilitarianism as presented by Jeremy Bentham. In this essay I will present the argument of Bentham supporting his respective form of utilitarianism and I will give my critique of this argument along the way. BeforeRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesMetaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism that is seemingly in contention with the thoughtsRead MoreVictorian Literature Essay2858 Words   |  12 PagesVictorian era was Utilitarianism. â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† was Jeremy Bentham, the eighteenth century philosopher’s theory, centred on the belief that logic and reason should be applied to life for the welfare of the majority of Victorian society. However, what Bentham failed to notice, was that this factual and quantitative ideology, forced society to make actions without considering their own individual happiness thus leading to Dickens critique of utilitarianism. The transitionRead MoreEthics and Social Responsibility Essay9502 Words   |  39 PagesMiami football players. This paper will examine the various legal and ethical implications involved in this case, including an analysis of the university’s social responsibility, and an overview of the scandal in terms of three ethical theories: utilitarianism, Kant’s categorical imperative, and ethical relativism. Table of Contents I. Introduction (Stephanie) A. Purposes of Paper * Analytical paper - â€Å"3 value† analysis of law, ethics, and social responsibility * Current, controversial

Destiny Free Essays

Have you ever heard of the word â€Å"destiny†. Well, of course you could’ve red that word somewhere. Three-year-olds have heard of that too. We will write a custom essay sample on Destiny or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, what is it? There are just certain thoughts when you hear words like that. For kids, they would say it’s all about Cinderella and Ariel and any Disney princesses and cartoons that make people fantasize and believe that dreams do come true, right? But let’s have it the other way around. No child play, just plain serious and sensible talk. Destiny is something not played, it would play with you and you’ll never like what happens next. Its mere existence depends on people’s variations. Destiny. Come on! Destiny? It is not planned, it is never a coincidence. Ever heard of this quote: â€Å"There are no coincidences in this world, it could’ve been destiny playing along with people†. I don’t know who said that nor I even care on his biography†¦ but whoever thought of that plain statement is a sworn genius. Now, let’s have some talk about deeper sense. Fiction novels no matter how great of a fantasy it is have roots coming from reality. They say that those two realms clash, but I don’t think so. Every single character described by the author has his/her basis on people around him/her. Now, where on earth can we relate this thing to destiny? Simple! Many books have plots revolving on this word—mostly, romance novels of course. When the guy meets the girl and the guy is the long lost son of the girl’s stepmother, or something like the guy was once an assassin and killed the parents of the girl he loves the most. Is that plain coincidence? I believe it’s not. Not yet convinced how destiny is real? Let’s say it’s a fantasy book. Destiny comes from the word ‘destined’. There are just people no matter what race they are, what kind of monsters they are, or just things like that are just destined to be together no matter what. Let’s take it from the children’s heroes. Familiar with the movie little mermaid? Yeah, the prince? And the mermaid? Remember? Two lovers whose origins were from a high land and the deepest of the seas, respectively. But the two met, by accident? Nope. It was the plot created by destiny. Same goes with real life. You shouldn’t expect what happens next, unless you have a special power to predict. How to cite Destiny, Papers

Companies of Fast Food and Junk food Should Stop Selling Unhealthy Food free essay sample

Most of people in United States have the knowledge of how junk food and fast food restaurants are bad for our health. Also most of people in US who eat continuously junk food and fast food mostly do not know how to stop eating fast food and junk food because they can’t. Nevertheless, Fast food restaurants and junk food with great marketing are everywhere in United States. The real problem is for the one who eat continuously fast food and junk food almost four-five days aweek or more becauese eating fast food and junk food continuously leads to serious health problem which is obesity. Although, obesity has been a serious health problem for many decades in United States and it has been increaesd every year. However, fast food and junk food companies should stop selling bad food for many good reasons and the government is the most responsible one to stop these companies selling bad food. We will write a custom essay sample on Companies of Fast Food and Junk food Should Stop Selling Unhealthy Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also the government is the most responsible one to help people to create environment that support healthy eating, rather than undermines it. However, the government of United States did not take or find any cure action for this problem until now. Although, fast food and junk food companies have to stop selling bad foods because they have very deceptive marketing industry which have bad impact to health and children. First, marketing of fast food and junk food influence of what we eat because today, fast food restaurants and junk food are nearly ubiquitous in United States. For example burgers, fries, pizza, soda, candy, and chips are everywhere to find at any time in United States, and you will not find apples, bananas and salads everywhere at any time. In United States, there is a huge marketing of fast food restaurants and junk food compared to healthy foods marketing. In simple form, fast food restaurants food and junk food companies in US rely on cheap prices, make their food look good, make their food easy to find at any time. Moreover most store pushing junk food not fresh fruit for example, you will find in all grocery stores and supermarkets in US have candy and many kind of junk food on display at the checkout. Also now days, when you walk to a modern drugstore to get cough  medicine or pain reliever with prescription, you would have to walk all the way back of the store to get your medicine and typically you would have to walk by soda, ships and other junk food. However, we all agree that junk food and fast food restaurants are not healthy, but the problem is that junk food and fast food restaurants marketing have all ways to get into our lives and health but we cannot stop it. Junk food and fast food restaurants companies should stop selling bad foods and start to sell healthy food otherwise those companies should not be exist in our environment. Second, there are more than hundreds researches by many educated people proved and agree that junk food and fast food restaurants are unhealthy because it contain high amount of fat and calorie. The consumption of high calorie and high fat in junk food and fast food can cause difficulty to control the weight. People, who eat junk food and fast food 4-5 days a week, will get lead into serious health problem, which is obesity. Moreover Obesity also, can lead to many serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke. People who have hard time to stop eating junk foods and eating from fast food restaurants, it is because their bodies were programmed to seek calorie dense foods. Although, the Medical Society of the State of New York informed that 30 percent of the population in in United States is now considered obese with the rate of overweight children tripling in the past two decades, and the trend is likely to continue. In addition Junk food and fast food restaurants reflect to many people’s health in USA. CBC news reported that in 2010, there 190 million people in United States are overweight or obese, and 147 billion spent every year for obesity-related diseases. However, government of Untied States should stop and take a cure action to those fast food restaurants and junk food companies which sell unhealthy food. Third and last, our children are the most important things in our environment, because typically they are the future and the one who will be exist in the environment after us. Because of fast food restaurants and junk food have impact on our children health, there is estimates that this generation of children may be the first one to live fewer years than their parents. Children in United States who is 5 to 16 years old, does not have  the knowledge of how much the risk of eating continuously junk food and fast food because mostly junk foods and fast food restaurants are everywhere in their lives for example in schools, in all grocery stores and ads either in T.V or streets. Therefore, there are 17 percent of children who are obese or overweight in United States in 2010 and the rate had been tripled in the last two decades. It’s true that parents are responsible for what their children eat, but it is hard for them to hide their children from their environment which support un healthy food everywhere. However, those companies should stop selling unhealthy foods to our kids, otherwise we will have in the future larger rate of sick children and unhealthy generations. If we didnt find cure for this problem, our children may ask us why we did not protect them from the junk food and fast food companies. In the end, there are many lists of reasons to stop those companies selling unhealthy food but health and children are the best reasons to start with, because they are the most important things in our lives. The government of US is the most responsible one than parents to help to stop those companies selling unhealthy food, although the government did not take any cure or real action to solve this problem. In addition there are many solutions to solve this problem such as restraint those companies to sell healthy food or change the economics so that unhealthy food costs less and healthy food costs more. There were many solutions were offered to the government to solve this problem but the question is, does the government want to solve this problem or not?!

Prussia Essay Example For Students

Prussia Essay Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786. The rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786 occurred as a result of a combination of military, political, and social factors. War and the threat of war aided Frederick William and Frederick William I greatly in their attempts to build royal absolutism in Prussia. Due to the wartime atmosphere, Frederick William and Frederick William I were able to reduce the political power of the landlord nobility, and allow them to keep control over the peasantry. The landlords, satisfied with being unchallenged masters of their peasants, did not challenge the monarchs power, which ultimately led to the rise of Prussia. When Frederick William, of the Hohenzollern family, later known as the Great Elector, gained power in 1640, in Brandenburg, Prussia, and scattered land along the Rhine in western Germany, he was determined to unify the areas and assert royal absolutism. During the early seventeenth century, the Estates of the provinces, dominated by the nobility and landowners, or the Junkers, control led taxation. However, the Great Elector gained power over in Brandenburg in 1653 and in Prussia between 1661 and 1663 to levy taxes without the Junkers consent. The Great Elector took military actions to defend his land. In 1660, he first financed a permanent standing army. He obtained the revenue to do so by imposing permanent taxes on the Estates without their consent. The soldiers doubled as tax collectors and policemen, becoming the core of the rapidly expanding state bureaucracy. Due to financial independence and an excellent army, Frederick William reduced the power of the Estates. He also tripled the states total revenue during his reign and greatly expanded the army, welcoming French Huguenot immigrants as talented, hard-working soldiers. War was a decisive factor in the rise of Prussia as an absolutist state. In the mid sixteenth century, the wars between Sweden and Poland, the wars of Louis XIV, and the wild invasions of the Tartars brought about a belligerent atmosphere that caused the Estates to look to Frederick William for military protection against foreign invasion. Social factors also accounted for the rise of Prussia. The nobles had long dominated the government through the Estates; moreover, they were more concerned with their individual rights and privileges, particularly their unlimited control over the peasants. Therefore, in 1653 and after, when the Great Elector reconfirmed the power of the nobles over the peasants, they did not attack him for reducing their political power. The nobility accepted a compromise, whereby the ruler had the power to tax and mainly taxed towns, but the landlords had power over the peasants and on their land. Elector Frederick III, who succeeded Frederick William, did virtually nothing profitable for Prussia. Frederick William I, the Soldiers King, succeeded Frederick III in 1713 and truly established Prussian absolutism. He created the best army in Europe, for its size, and infused military values into the whole society. His intense military power caused Prussias great expansion of royal absolutism. Frederick William I created a strong centralized bureaucracy that allowed commoners to rise to top positions in the civil government, and with its creation, vanished the last traces of the parliamentary Estates and local autonomy. In order to prevent Junker rebellions, Frederick William enlisted the Junkers into the army and they comprised the officers. Similar to the social situation on the estates, the nobility also commanded the peasantry in the army. Frederick William achieved results in that the standing army increased by forty-five thousand soldiers during his reign. Prussia, twelfth in Europe in population, had the fourth largest army by 1740. Only the much more populous states of France, Russia, and Austria had larger forces, and even Frances army was only twice as large as Prussias. The Prussian army became the best in Europe, admired for the soldiers precision, skill, and discipline. This army would usually win the crucial military battles for the next two hundred years. Between 1640 and 1786, under the rule of Frederick William and Frederick William I, Prussia rose to be a leading royal absolutist power in Europe. Military, political, and social factors account for this rise. Frederick Williams organization of a permanent standing army and